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A major scale can be transformed to its parallel minor by lowering the third, sixth, and seventh scale degrees, and a minor scale can be transformed to its parallel major by raising those same scale degrees. In the early nineteenth century, composers began to experiment with freely borrowing chords from the parallel key.
In the key of C major, these would be: D minor, E minor, F major, G major, A minor, and C minor. Despite being three sharps or flats away from the original key in the circle of fifths, parallel keys are also considered as closely related keys as the tonal center is the same, and this makes this key have an affinity with the original key.
Starting from a major chord, for example G major (G–B–D), there are twelve potential goals using a common-tone modulation: G minor, G ♯ minor, B ♭ major, B major, B minor, C major, C minor, D minor, D major, E ♭ major, E major, E minor. [14] Thus common-tone modulations are convenient for modulation by diatonic or chromatic third.
It is occasionally called superdominant, [3] as the degree above the dominant. This is its normal name (sus-dominante) in French. In Roman numeral analysis, the triad formed on the submediant is typically symbolized by "VI" if it is a major triad (the default in a minor mode) and by "vi" if it is a minor triad (the default in a major mode).
For example, in the key of C major the diatonic mediant and submediant are E minor and A minor respectively. Their parallel majors are E major and A major. The mediants of the parallel minor of C major (C minor) are E ♭ major and A ♭ major. Thus, by this conservative definition, C major has four chromatic mediants: E major, A major, E ...
In the minor mode, a common borrowed chord from the parallel major key is the Picardy third. In the major mode, the most common examples of borrowed chords are those involving the ♭, also known as the lowered sixth scale degree. These chords are shown below, in the key of C major. [8]
The first movement of Schubert's Quartet in D minor, D. 810 ("Death and the Maiden"), for example, has three separate key and thematic areas, in D minor, F major, and A minor. [8] Similarly, Chopin's Piano Concerto in F minor uses F minor, A ♭ major, and C minor in its first movement's exposition. In both cases, the transition is i–III–v ...
The parallel chord (but not the counter parallel chord) of a major chord will always be the minor chord whose root is a minor third down from the major chord's root, inversely the parallel chord of a minor chord will be the major chord whose root is a minor third up from the root of the minor chord.