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  2. Bile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile

    In the human liver, bile is composed of 97–98% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/L inorganic salts. [2] [3] The two main pigments of bile are bilirubin, which is orange-yellow, and its oxidised form biliverdin, which is green.

  3. Bile acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid

    These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, [ 4 ] and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water.

  4. Cholic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholic_acid

    Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid [3] that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance. Salts of cholic acid are called cholates.

  5. Enterohepatic circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation

    In the lower small intestine and colon, bacteria dehydroxylate some of the primary bile salts to form secondary conjugated bile salts (which are still water-soluble). Along the proximal and distal ileum, these conjugated primary bile salts are reabsorbed actively into hepatic portal circulation. Bacteria deconjugate some of the primary and ...

  6. Bile salt hydrolase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_salt_hydrolase

    Bile salt hydrolases are members of the N-terminal nucleophilic hydrolase family, characterized by autocatalytic activation by an N-terminal nucleophile and subsequent amide bond cleavage. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] The majority of BSH enzymes are composed of homotetramers , although they have been known to assume other forms including homodimers and ...

  7. 6 Potential Long-Term Effects of Ozempic - AOL

    www.aol.com/6-potential-long-term-effects...

    It stores and releases bile, which is needed to break down fats in the food you eat. ... In many cases, the benefits of GLP-1 drugs on heart health outweigh any potential risks of an increased ...