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Female scale insects in more advanced families develop from the egg through a first instar (crawler) stage and a second instar stage before becoming adult. In more primitive families there is an additional instar stage.
Aulacaspis yasumatsui, or cycad aulacaspis scale (CAS), is a scale insect species in the genus Aulacaspis that feeds on cycad species such as Cycas revoluta [1] or Dioon purpusii (Purpus' cycad). Other common names include the cycad scale, the sago palm scale, [2] and the Asian cycad scale. [3] This is a serious pest of cycads which can kill ...
The adult female scale insect is viviparous, the eggs hatching internally, and produces up to 150 young at the rate of two or three per day.The first-stage larva is mobile and is known as a crawler; it emerges from under the mother's scale and disperses to other parts of the plant; it may be blown by the wind or transported elsewhere by animals and is the only mobile life stage except for the ...
The crawler moults twice before becoming an adult female, forming a protective scale from larval exuviae and secretions. Some crawlers may develop into males. Some crawlers may develop into males. These undergo four moults and the adult males have eyes, three pairs of legs, one pair of wings, a head and a body divided into a thorax and abdomen.
The male scale insect develops similarly until after the second moult when it becomes oval and darker than the female, measuring about one millimetre in diameter with an eccentric cover. The adult male is a small, yellowish two-winged insect that emerges from under its elongated cover after four molts.
Coccus hesperidum is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae with a wide host range. It is commonly known as brown soft scale. It has a cosmopolitan distribution and feeds on many different host plants. It is an agricultural pest, particularly of citrus and commercial greenhouse crops.
The first instar larvae (crawlers) of Fiorinia theae are yellowish. The 2nd instar female is elongated with a dark brown scale cover, between 1.0 and 1.5 mm long. Immature males are smaller, less elongated and have a white scale cover. During heavy infestations, white wax secretions become abundant, giving the infected leaf a whitish appearance.
The San Jose scale or China scale, (Comstockaspis perniciosus), is a hemipterous insect in the family Diaspididae. [1] It is an agricultural pest as it causes damage and crop losses to many fruit crops. In 1914, this species became the first documented case of insecticide resistance. [2] [3] [4]