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A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, [1] is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable.
For the purposes of this article, the term "second generation" refers to computers using discrete transistors, even when the vendors referred to them as "third-generation". By 1960 transistorized computers were replacing vacuum tube computers, offering lower cost, higher speeds, and reduced power consumption.
The NCR 315 Data Processing System, released in January 1962 by NCR, [1] is a second-generation computer. All printed circuit boards use resistor–transistor logic (RTL) to create the various logic elements. It uses 12-bit slab memory structure using magnetic-core memory.
The introduction of the transistor is often considered one of the most important inventions in history. [1] [2] Transistors are broadly classified into two categories: bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and field-effect transistor (FET). [3] The principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. [4]
TRADIC. This is a list of transistorized computers, which were digital computers that used discrete transistors as their primary logic elements. Discrete transistors were a feature of logic design for computers from about 1960, when reliable transistors became economically available, until monolithic integrated circuits displaced them in the 1970s.
Transistors greatly reduced computers' size, initial cost, and operating cost. Typically, second-generation computers were composed of large numbers of printed circuit boards such as the IBM Standard Modular System, [143] each carrying one to four logic gates or flip-flops.