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Formal equivalence is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases, a more dynamic translation may be used or a neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source ...
For example, research utilizing this method has revealed that genetic differences and their subsequent expression as mRNAs can also impact translation rate in an RNA-specific manner. [ 21 ] Expanding on this concept, a more recent development is single-cell ribosome profiling, a technique that allows us to study the translation process at the ...
Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...
Examples include the histidine (his) [18] [19] and tryptophan (trp) [20] biosynthetic operons. The term "attenuation" was introduced to describe the his operon. [ 18 ] While it is typically used to describe biosynthesis operons of amino acids and other metabolites, programmed transcription termination that does not occur at the end of a gene ...
The eIF2 alpha subunit is characterized by an OB-fold domain and two beta strands. This subunit helps to regulate translation, as it becomes phosphorylated to inhibit protein synthesis. [2] The eIF4F complex supports the cap-dependent translation initiation process and is composed of the initiation factors eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G.
Translation of the Bible is related to the question of equivalence, but the question of equivalence applies to all translations today, and is a much studied term in translation theory. The Bible can be used as an example of a difficult translation, but it shouldn't take over the article on equivalence.
The American translation-services standard is the ASTM F2575-06 Standard Guide for Quality Assurance in Translation. [5] It provides a framework for customers and translation-service providers desirous of agreeing on the specific requirements of a translation project.
Equivalence groups have also been described in the ganglion mother cells in grasshopper and the O/P teloblasts in the leech. [10] [11] Like other instances of equivalence groups, progeny cells are born equivalent and become specified through cell interactions. Equivalence groups are a common theme in the development of many organisms from ...