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Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention , motivation , cognition , mood , and physical performance .
The most common way to measure intoxication for legal or medical purposes is through blood alcohol content (also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level). It is usually expressed as a percentage of alcohol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood, or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country.
The intermediate alcohol 3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholin-2-ol (1) is converted to a fumarate salt (2) with fumaric acid, then reduced with sodium borohydride to give phenmetrazine free base (3). The free base can be converted to the fumarate salt ( 4 ) by reaction with fumaric acid.
[2] [3] It has since been used to treat a range of disorders from asthma to ADHD and illicitly for recreational purposes. Amphetamine-type stimulants contain chemical groups including unsubstituted phenyl ring, a methyl group at the alpha-position, and primary amino group, which accounts for its psychostimulant activities.
A new study compares the benefits and risks of taking GLP-1 medications for weight loss, including risks of dementia, addiction, heart disease, and gastrointestinal problems, among others.
A new review reports that nine people taking semaglutide and tirzepatide — the active ingredient in GLP-1 medications — experienced vision issues, including three potentially blinding eye ...
Methcathinone was first synthesized in 1928 in the United States [3] and was patented by Parke-Davis in 1957. [4] It was used in the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s as an anti-depressant (under the name Эфедрон—ephedrone). Methcathinone has long been used as a drug of abuse in the Soviet Union and Russia. [citation needed]
3-Methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), also known as metaphedrone, [4] is a designer drug from the substituted cathinone family. 3-MMC is a monoamine transporter substrate (a substance acted upon by monoamine transporters) that potently releases and inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, as well as displaying moderate serotonin releasing activity.