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The relevant anatomy includes: the rectum, the anal canal and the muscles of the pelvic floor, especially puborectalis and the external anal sphincter. [citation needed] The rectum is a section of bowel situated just above the anal canal and distal to the sigmoid colon of the large intestine.
Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) is reduced ability or inability to control defecation due to deterioration of or injury to the nervous system, resulting in fecal incontinence or constipation. [1] It is common in people with spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS) or spina bifida .
In men, PFM exercises can also help maintain a strong erection. [22] In addition, abdominal muscle training has been shown to improve pelvic floor muscle function. [23] By increasing abdominal muscle strength and control, a person may have an easier time activating the pelvic floor muscles in sync with the abdominal muscles.
Bowel management is the process which a person with a bowel disability uses to manage fecal incontinence or constipation. [1] People who have a medical condition which impairs control of their defecation use bowel management techniques to choose a predictable time and place to evacuate. [ 1 ]
These exercises aim to increase the strength of the pelvic floor muscles (mainly levator ani). The anal sphincters are not technically part of the pelvic floor muscle group, but the EAS is a voluntary, striated muscle that therefore can be strengthened in a similar manner.
Biofeedback has been shown to improve symptoms (improved frequency of bowel movements, reduced straining) and also reduce need for laxatives, [16] and patients stop needing to self-digitate. [24] Biofeedback can successfully treat abnormal contraction and relaxation of muscles in the anorectum during defecation. [ 24 ]
Ileus is a cause of colic in horses due to functional obstruction of the intestines. It is most commonly seen in horses postoperatively, especially following colic surgery. [ 9 ] Horses experiencing ileus are at risk for gastric rupture due to rapid reflux build-up, and require intense medical management with frequent nasogastric intubation. [ 9 ]
Functional constipation, also known as chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), is defined by less than three bowel movements per week, hard stools, severe straining, the sensation of anorectal blockage, the feeling of incomplete evacuation, and the need for manual maneuvers during feces, without organic abnormalities.