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Therapeutic handling is a method applied to influence movement quality, combining both facilitation and inhibition approaches. [6] Facilitation plays a central role in Bobath therapy, fostering motor learning by utilizing sensory cues (such as tactile contact and verbal guidance) to reinforce weak movement patterns and discourage excessive ones.
It manifests in abnormal and stereotypical patterns across multiple joints called obligatory synergies. [1] They are described as either a flexion synergy or an extension synergy and affect both the upper and lower extremity (see below). [1] When these patterns occur in a patient, he or she is unable to move a limb segment in isolation of the ...
A functional muscle synergy is defined as a pattern of co-activation of muscles recruited by a single neural command signal. [18] One muscle can be part of multiple muscle synergies, and one synergy can activate multiple muscles. Synergies are learned, rather than being hardwired, like motor programs, and are organized in a task-dependent manner.
Flexion and extension describe the basic ways your body moves at its joints. Here's what that means for your workouts and training.
Bridging exercises are done with a flexed knee to lessen the stretch on the hamstring (a knee flexor) and focus the hip extension work on the gluteus maximus. In that same respect, the reduced knee flexion makes plantar flexion work comparable to a seated calf raise, due to the lessened stretch on the gastrocnemius (like the hamstring, also a knee flexor).
Extension is the opposite of flexion, a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. [12] For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction. [ 10 ]
Brunnstrom (1966, 1970) and Sawner (1992) also described the process of recovery following stroke-induced hemiplegia. The process was divided into a number of stages: Flaccidity (immediately after the onset) No "voluntary" movements on the affected side can be initiated; Spasticity appears; Basic synergy patterns appear
A diagram illustrating crossed extensor reflex. The crossed extensor reflex or crossed extensor response or crossed extension reflex is a reflex in which the contralateral limb compensates for loss of support when the ipsilateral limb withdraws from painful stimulus in a withdrawal reflex. [1]