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The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
Lawrence Stamper Darken has shown that the Gibbs–Duhem equation can be applied to the determination of chemical potentials of components from a multicomponent system from experimental data regarding the chemical potential ¯ of only one component (here component 2) at all compositions.
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving ... For example, in SI units R = 8.3145 ... The chemical potential of the ideal gas is calculated ...
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
A physical situation where the chemical potential for photons can differ from zero are material-filled optical microcavities, with spacings between cavity mirrors in the wavelength regime. In such two-dimensional cases, photon gases with tuneable chemical potential, much reminiscent to gases of material particles, can be observed. [22]
For an ideal gas the equation of state can be written as =, where R is the ideal gas constant.The differential change of the chemical potential between two states of slightly different pressures but equal temperature (i.e., dT = 0) is given by = = = , where ln p is the natural logarithm of p.
The Rüchardt experiment, [1] [2] [3] invented by Eduard Rüchardt, is a famous experiment in thermodynamics, which determines the ratio of the molar heat capacities of a gas, i.e. the ratio of (heat capacity at constant pressure) and (heat capacity at constant volume) and is denoted by (gamma, for ideal gas) or (kappa, isentropic exponent, for real gas).
Chemical potential / Particle number; ... Some examples of theoretically isentropic thermodynamic devices are pumps, ... For any transformation of an ideal gas, it is ...