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The title of matron was first used in the 16th century in the United Kingdom (UK) for the housekeeper role in voluntary hospitals. [9] The radical reforms of nursing promoted by Florence Nightingale argued not just that nurses should be trained but that the hospital nursing staff and their training should come under the control of one senior nurse – the matron.
The chief nurse is a registered nurse who supervises the care of all the patients at a health care facility. The chief nurse is the senior nursing management position in an organization and often holds executive titles like chief nursing officer (CNO), chief nurse executive, or vice-president of nursing. They typically report to the CEO or COO.
Powell was part of the government committee that published the Salmon Report on Hospital Nursing, that recommended removal of the title "matron" from the National Health Service in 1968. The title has since been gradually reintroduced to the NHS lexicon. [4] She was appointed Chief Nursing Officer in Scotland in 1970.
Following the creation of the National Health Service in 1948, there was confusion in how nursing was administered. The senior nurse in an organisation held the title of "matron", but there were wide differences in the amount of responsibility and the amount of pay they received: some matrons managed hospitals of only 20 beds, whilst others oversaw hospitals with hundreds.
Graham became embroiled in controversy when nurse Ann Hannah Gordon, a sister of the Chief Secretary (later Sir) John Gordon, was promoted to Superintendent of Night Nurses, [5] the second highest nursing rank. Many nurses thought the position should have gone to the more senior charge nurse Louise Hawkins, and that this was a case of favouritism.
The Nurses Act 1964 gave the General Nursing Council the authority to regulate state enrolled nurses for mental health nurses and learning disability nurses by creating two additional rolls. [30] 1966 the Salmon Report calls for reform to nurse grading, initiating the end of matrons. [43] 1967 Nurse Dame Cicely Saunders sets up the first hospice.
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Matron Luckes published her lectures in book form in 1884, General Nursing. [22] [23] A second edition was published in 1898, "entirely rewritten and taken out of lecture form". [23] In its preface she wrote eloquently of the importance of balance between character and technical knowledge in a good nurse.