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In the mid-18th century in England, it referred to a large gilded decorative sconce, or a wall light backed with a mirror. Later the mirror, especially if it is circular and convex, may be called girandole by itself without the candle holders. [3] The wall-mounted lighting device is a common definition of girandole in English today.
Many antique chandeliers not designed for electrical wiring have also been adapted for electricity. Modern chandeliers produced in older styles and antique chandeliers wired for electricity usually use imitation candles, where incandescent or LED light bulbs are shaped like candle flames. These light bulbs may be dimmable to adjust the brightness.
French ormolu mantel clock (around 1800) by Julien Béliard (1758 – died after 1806), Paris.The clock case by Claude Galle (1758–1815) Ormolu (/ ˈ ɔːr m ə ˌ l uː /; from French or moulu 'ground/pounded gold') is the gilding technique of applying finely ground, high-carat gold–mercury amalgam to an object of bronze, and objects finished in this way.
The Hezilo chandelier (German: Heziloleuchter) is an 11th-century Romanesque wheel chandelier. It is part of the treasures of the Hildesheim Cathedral in Hildesheim, Germany, which has been a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site since 1985. The chandelier was most likely commissioned by Bishop Hezilo of Hildesheim, who rebuilt the cathedral ...
Products included "all articles of glass for table use, engraved, cut and etched; bar goods, lamps, chandeliers and epergnes (ornamental centerpiece for a dining table)." [ 46 ] J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company was the largest glass company in America. [ 43 ]
In England in the early 18th century, candelabra may be used interchangeably with a number of terms, such as branches, chandeliers, lustres, girandoles, and wall-lights. [21] Girandoles were a form of candelabra with crystals in the 17th century, but were sold as candelabra in England by the end of the 18th century. [22]