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Independent Computing Architecture , the Citrix system core protocol; Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP) [2] NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Network Data Representation (NDR) [2] Tox, The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer; eXternal Data Representation (XDR) [2]
For example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), generally regarded as an application-layer protocol, has presentation-layer aspects such as the ability to identify character encoding for proper conversion, which is then done in the application layer. The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data ...
CAMEL Phase 1 defined only very basic call control services, but introduced the concept of a CAMEL Basic call state model (BCSM) to the Intelligent Network (IN). Phase 1 gave the gsmSCF the ability to bar calls (release the call prior to connection), allow a call to continue unchanged, or to modify a limited number of call parameters before allowing it to continue.
The Internet application layer maps to the OSI application layer, presentation layer, and most of the session layer. The TCP/IP transport layer maps to the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer. The internet layer performs functions as those in a subset of the OSI network layer.
The care-of address of a mobile device is the network-native IP address of the device when operating in a foreign network. Home agent A home agent is a router on a mobile node’s home network which tunnels datagrams for delivery to the mobile node when it is away from home. It maintains current location (IP address) information for the mobile ...
A wireless ad hoc network [1] (WANET) or mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a decentralized type of wireless network. The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such as routers or wireless access points. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes.
Examples of physical networks are Ethernet networks and Wi-Fi networks, both of which are IEEE 802 networks and use IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses. A MAC layer is not required in full-duplex point-to-point communication, but address fields are included in some point-to-point protocols for compatibility reasons.
Overview of a three-tier application. Three-tier architecture is a client-server software architecture pattern in which the user interface (presentation), functional process logic ("business rules"), computer data storage and data access are developed and maintained as independent modules, most often on separate platforms. [15]