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The Kappa number is determined by ISO 302:2004. [1] ISO 302 is applicable to all kinds of chemical and semi-chemical pulps and gives a Kappa number in the range of 1–100. The Kappa number is a measurement of standard potassium permanganate solution that the pulp will consume. The measurement is inflated by the presence of hexenuronic acids in
the Kappa number, indicating lignin content in pulp; represents: the Von Kármán constant, describing the velocity profile of turbulent flow; the kappa curve, a two-dimensional algebraic curve [21] the condition number of a matrix in numerical analysis; the connectivity of a graph in graph theory [22] curvature [23]
In pulp and paper industry, a similar kappa number is used to measure how much bleaching a pulp requires. Potassium permanganate is added to react with the unsaturated compounds (lignin and uronic acids) in the pulp and back-titrated.
Kappa chain, a type of immunoglobulin light chain, part of the human immune system Kappa, one of the most popular emotes on live streaming platform Twitch Kappa effect , a sensory illusion relating to the human perception of time
The lignin is degraded and becomes more watersoluble and thereby more easy to wash away from the pulp, while the anthraquinone is regenerated. This process gives an increase in yield of pulp, typically 1–3% and a reduction in kappa number. [8]
Mechanical pulping is the process in which wood is separated or defibrated mechanically into pulp for the paper industry. The mechanical pulping processes use wood in the form of logs or chips that are mechanically processes, by grinding stones (from logs) or in refiners (from chips), to separate the fibers.
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Kraft pulp is darker than other wood pulps, but it can be bleached to make very white pulp. Fully bleached kraft pulp is used to make high-quality paper where strength, whiteness, and resistance to yellowing are important. The kraft process can use a wider range of fiber sources than most other pulping processes.