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Glucosamine is often sold in combination with other supplements such as chondroitin sulfate and methylsulfonylmethane. [ citation needed ] Glucosamine, along with commonly used chondroitin, is not routinely prescribed to treat people who have symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee, as there is insufficient evidence that this treatment is helpful.
A significant amount of research has been performed on glycosaminoglycans, especially glucosamine and chondroitin, for the treatment of arthritis.These compounds are commonly marketed as nutritional supplements and numerous 'soft therapeutic claims' are made about their health benefits - especially in aging populations. [1]
Chemical structure of one unit in a chondroitin sulfate chain. Chondroitin-4-sulfate: R 1 = H; R 2 = SO 3 H; R 3 = H. Chondroitin-6-sulfate: R 1 = SO 3 H; R 2, R 3 = H.. Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) [1] composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid).
Chondroitin as a supplement is now commonly used (often in combination with glucosamine) in treating the joint disease of osteoarthritis. [2] In contrast to the symptomatic treatments, chondroitin can modify the progression of a disease process in the patient which it can be used as an alternative medicine. [2]
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are proteoglycans consisting of a protein core and a chondroitin sulfate side chain. They are known to be structural components of a variety of human tissues, including cartilage , and also play key roles in neural development and glial scar formation.
[1] [2] [3] Alprostadil is a prostaglandin vasodilator that allows more blood to flow into the area by relaxing the smooth muscle in the blood vessels of the penis. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] Papaverine is a smooth muscle relaxant that acts by increasing blood flow to the penis.