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Leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. Novogranatense), from which cocaine, a naturally occurring local anesthetic, is derived [1] [2]. An anesthetic (American English) or anaesthetic (British English; see spelling differences) is a drug used to induce anesthesia — in other words, to result in a temporary loss of sensation or awareness.
Topical tac is a topical anesthetic solution [1] introduced by Pryor et al. in 1980. It is a mixture of 5 to 12% tetracaine, 0.05% adrenaline, and 4 or 10% cocaine hydrochloride (hence the "TAC" nomenclature). It has been used in ear, nose, and throat surgery and in the emergency department where numbing of the surface is needed rapidly.
However, geometric constraints imparted by the bridgehead amine allow only eight to be created. The natural isomerism of cocaine is unstable and prone to epimerization. For example, the end product of cocaine biosynthesis contains an axial C2-carbomethoxy moiety which readily undergoes epimerization to the equatorial position via saponification.
In addition, some parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only. Australia Cocaine is a Schedule 8 controlled drug in Australia under the Poisons Standard . [ 209 ]
Coca leaf is the raw material for the manufacture of the drug cocaine, a powerful stimulant and anaesthetic extracted chemically from large quantities of coca leaves. Today, since it has mostly been replaced as a medical anaesthetic by synthetic analogues such as procaine, cocaine is best known as an illegal recreational drug.
In the 20th century, other agents such as lidocaine have replaced cocaine as a local anaesthetic. In 1888, Karl Koller moved to the United States and practiced ophthalmology in New York. He received many distinctions in his career, including being honored by the American Ophthalmological Society as the first recipient of the " Lucien Howe Medal ...
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This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest ...