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There are many psychiatric and medical conditions that may mimic some or all of the symptoms of depression or may occur comorbid to it. [11] [12] [13] A disorder either psychiatric or medical that shares symptoms and characteristics of another disorder, and may be the true cause of the presenting symptoms is known as a differential diagnosis. [14]
Since the symptoms of pseudodementia is highly similar to dementia, it is critical complete differential diagnosis to completely exclude dementia. People with pseudodementia are typically very distressed about the cognitive impairment they experience. Currently, the treatment of pseudodementia is mainly focused on treating depression, cognitive ...
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
For example, a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, a common mental illness, had a poor reliability kappa statistic of 0.28, indicating that clinicians frequently disagreed on diagnosing this disorder in the same patients. The most reliable diagnosis was major neurocognitive disorder, with a kappa of 0.78. [102]
Differential diagnosis Depression Pseudobulbar affect ( PBA ), or emotional incontinence , is a type of neurological disorder characterized by uncontrollable episodes of crying or laughing .
Some mental illnesses, including depression and psychosis, may produce symptoms that must be differentiated from both delirium and dementia. [101] These are differently diagnosed as pseudodementias , and any dementia evaluation needs to include a depression screening such as the Neuropsychiatric Inventory or the Geriatric Depression Scale .
Symptoms must also cause clinically significant distress in important areas of everyday life (eg. social or occupational). [22] For a diagnosis of a major depressive episode, the patient must also not have a history of manic or hypomanic episodes and their symptoms cannot meet the criteria for a mixed episode. [23]
Some depression rating scales are completed by patients. The Beck Depression Inventory, for example, is a 21-question self-report inventory that covers symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, weight loss, lack of interest in sex, and feelings of guilt, hopelessness or fear of being punished. [11]