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It is the most often cited of the COST 231 models (EU funded research project ca. April 1986 – April 1996), [1] also called the Hata Model PCS Extension. This model is the combination of empirical and deterministic models for estimating path loss in an urban area over frequency range of 800 MHz to 2000 MHz.
For example, a "2 by 4" wood stud wall with drywall on both sides results in about 6 dB loss per wall at 2.4 GHz. [2] Older buildings may have even greater internal losses than new buildings due to materials and line of sight issues. Experience has shown that line-of-sight propagation holds only for about the first 3 meters.
CPP is the cost of an advertising campaign, relative to the rating points delivered. In a manner similar to CPM, cost per point measures the cost per rating point for an advertising campaign by dividing the cost of the advertising by the rating points delivered. [4] The American Marketing Association defines cost-per-rating-point (CPR or CPRP) as:
A full-page ad in the magazine costs $45,000. Therefore, CPM = $45,000 / (1,000,000 x 3.5) x 1000. So, Magazine A's CPM = $12.85. Using CPM for evaluating media makes it an, “apples to apples” comparison. Cost per point - how much will it cost to buy one rating point of your target audience, a method used in comparing broadcast media. One ...
The Hata model is a radio propagation model for predicting the path loss of cellular transmissions in exterior environments, valid for microwave frequencies from 150 to 1500 MHz. It is an empirical formulation based on the data from the Okumura model , and is thus also commonly referred to as the Okumura–Hata model . [ 1 ]
Path loss normally includes propagation losses caused by the natural expansion of the radio wave front in free space (which usually takes the shape of an ever-increasing sphere), absorption losses (sometimes called penetration losses), when the signal passes through media not transparent to electromagnetic waves, diffraction losses when part of the radiowave front is obstructed by an opaque ...
Cost per impression, along with pay-per-click (PPC) and cost per order, is used to assess the cost-effectiveness and profitability of online advertising. [1] Cost per impression is the closest online advertising strategy to those offered in other media such as television, radio or print, which sell advertising based on estimated viewership, listenership, or readership.
Gross rating points are a measure of the impact by a campaign using a specific medium or schedule. It quantifies impressions as a percentage of the target population, multiplied by frequency . This percentage may be greater, or in fact much greater, than 100.