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Scramble for Africa: Africa in the years 1880 and 1913, just before the First World War. The Scramble for Africa between 1870 and 1914 was a significant period of European imperialism in Africa that ended with almost all of Africa, and its natural resources, claimed as colonies by European powers, who raced to secure as much land as possible while avoiding conflict amongst themselves.
These include the decolonization of Africa, the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century; of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires following World War I; of the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Belgian, Italian, and Japanese Empires following World War II; and of the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War. [17]
Although formal and explicit colonization ended with the decolonization of the Americas during the eighteenth and nineteenth century and the decolonization of much of the Global South in the late twentieth century, its successors, Western imperialism and globalization perpetuate those inequalities. The colonial matrix of power produced social ...
African resistance to colonialism (10 C, 135 P) F. Former colonies in Africa (42 C, 92 P) O. Opposition to apartheid in South Africa (9 C, 57 P)
African historiography became organized at the academic level in the mid-20th century. [20] Members of the Ibadan School, such as Kenneth Dike and Saburi Biobaku, pioneered a new methodology of reconstructing African history using the oral traditions, alongside evidence from European-style histories and other historical sciences.
Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process. In 1960, after a number countries gained independence, the UN had reached 99 members states: the decolonization of Africa was almost complete. In 1980, the UN had 154 member states, and in 1990, after Namibia's independence, 159 states. [66]
The African independence movements took place in the 20th century, when a wave of struggles for independence in European-ruled African territories were witnessed. Notable independence movements took place: Algeria (former French Algeria), see Algerian War; Angola (former Portuguese Angola), see Portuguese Colonial War
The Spanish colonised the Canary Islands off the north African coast in the 15th century, causing the genocide of the native Berber population. [ 7 ] The oldest modern city founded by Europeans on the African continent is Cape Town , which was founded by the Dutch East India Company in 1652, as a halfway stop for passing European ships sailing ...