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Functions involving two or more variables require multidimensional array indexing techniques. The latter case may thus employ a two-dimensional array of power[x][y] to replace a function to calculate x y for a limited range of x and y values. Functions that have more than one result may be implemented with lookup tables that are arrays of ...
The model formalises consumers' preferences for product variety by using a CES function. Previous attempts to provide a model that accounted for variety preference (such as Harold Hotelling 's location model ) were indirect and failed to provide an easily interpretable and usable form for further study.
Inverting this formula gives the indirect utility function (utility as a function of price and income): (,) = (),where is the amount of income available to the individual and is equivalent to the expenditure ((,)) in the previous equation.
For multifactor productivity calculations, the indirect method is used. Törnqvist indexes are close to the figures given by the Fisher index . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The Fisher index is sometimes preferred in practice because it handles zero-quantities without special exceptions, whereas in the equations above a quantity of zero would make the ...
A consumer's indirect utility (,) can be computed from their utility function (), defined over vectors of quantities of consumable goods, by first computing the most preferred affordable bundle, represented by the vector (,) by solving the utility maximization problem, and second, computing the utility ((,)) the consumer derives from that ...
A logical spreadsheet is a spreadsheet in which formulas take the form of logical constraints rather than function definitions.. In traditional spreadsheet systems, such as Excel, cells are partitioned into "directly specified" cells and "computed" cells and the formulas used to specify the values of computed cells are "functional", i.e. for every combination of values of the directly ...
Use of direct sum terminology and notation is especially problematic when dealing with infinite families of rings: If () is an infinite collection of nontrivial rings, then the direct sum of the underlying additive groups can be equipped with termwise multiplication, but this produces a rng, that is, a ring without a multiplicative identity.
Mallows's C p addresses the issue of overfitting, in which model selection statistics such as the residual sum of squares always get smaller as more variables are added to a model. Thus, if we aim to select the model giving the smallest residual sum of squares, the model including all variables would always be selected.