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Osteopenia, known as "low bone mass" or "low bone density", is a condition in which bone mineral density is low. [1] Because their bones are weaker, people with osteopenia may have a higher risk of fractures, and some people may go on to develop osteoporosis. [2] In 2010, 43 million older adults in the US had osteopenia. [3]
Not only is bone density decreased, but the microarchitecture of bone is also disrupted. The weaker spicules of trabecular bone break ("microcracks"), and are replaced by weaker bone. Common osteoporotic fracture sites, the wrist, the hip, and the spine, have a relatively high trabecular bone to cortical bone ratio.
Osteolytic lesion at the bottom of the radius, diagnosed by a darker section that indicates a loss of bone density. An osteolytic lesion (from the Greek words for "bone" (ὀστέον), and "to unbind" (λύειν)) is a softened section of a patient's bone formed as a symptom of specific diseases, including breast cancer and multiple myeloma.
A scanner used to measure bone density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.The concept is of mass of mineral per volume of bone (relating to density in the physics sense), although clinically it is measured by proxy according to optical density per square centimetre of bone surface upon imaging. [1]
Medical research also supports the use of medications of the bisphosphonate class, such as pamidronate, to increase bone density. [21] Bisphosphonates are especially effective in children; [22] however, it is unclear if they either increase quality of life or decrease the rate of fracture incidence. [7]
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a measure commonly used to quantify bone health. A lower BMD value indicates an increased risk of an osteoporosis or a fracture. [13] There is a large range of factors influencing BMD. Protein consumption has shown to be beneficial for bone density by providing amino acid substrates necessary for bone matrix formation.
Low serum and urinary calcium; Low serum phosphate, except in cases of renal osteodystrophy; Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (due to an increase in compensatory osteoblast activity) Elevated parathyroid hormone (due to low calcium) Furthermore, a technetium bone scan will show increased activity (also due to increased osteoblasts).
While senile osteoporosis (type II) is mainly attributed to age, other risks include medical, pharmacological, genetic, and environmental factors. Peak bone mass is a major determinant of bone density, which starts in utero and is typically complete by the age 40. [5]