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Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for [25] [26] teaching other members customs, social norms, and different ideologies. [27] Positive peer relationships improve social interaction and enhance positive engagement levels in adolescents with and without disabilities. [28]
Lateral communication is the exchange, imparting or sharing of information, ideas or feelings between people within a community, peer groups, departments or units of an organization who are at or about the same hierarchical level as each other for the purpose of coordinating activities, efforts or fulfilling a common purpose or goal
Peer assessment, or self-assessment, is a process whereby students or their peers grade assignments or tests based on a teacher's benchmarks. [1] The practice is employed to save teachers time and improve students' understanding of course materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills.
Especially in the context of collaborative learning, group members who have higher levels of understanding can help the less advanced members learn within their zone of proximal development. [21] In the context of adults, peers should challenge each other in order to support collaboration and success. [22]
Johari window. The Johari window is a technique [1] designed to help people better understand their relationship with themselves and others. It was created by psychologists Joseph Luft (1916–2014) and Harrington Ingham (1916–1995) in 1955, and is used primarily in self-help groups and corporate settings as a heuristic exercise.
The constructive developmental framework (CDF) is a theoretical framework for epistemological and psychological assessment of adults. The framework is based on empirical developmental research showing that an individual's perception of reality is an actively constructed "world of their own", unique to them and which they continue to develop over their lifespan.
Peer relationships are also very important for determining how much adolescents value school, how much effort they put into it, and how well they perform in class. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] However, quite frequently adolescents take part in peer relationships that are harmful for their psychological development.
The analysis found that negative behaviors tend to be reciprocated with the same kind of behavior and the strongest relationship was found in reciprocity using a matched level of severity and activity; however, negative workplace behaviors that escalate in severity or activity also showed a strong and positive relationship. [43]