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Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb [1] within 14 days of symptoms onset. [2] On the other hand, when the symptoms exceed 14 days, [ 3 ] it is called critical limb ischemia (CLI).
A limb infarction is an area of tissue death of an arm or leg. It may cause skeletal muscle infarction , avascular necrosis of bones, or necrosis of a part of or an entire limb. Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of ischemia vary, as they can occur anywhere in the body and depend on the degree to which blood flow is interrupted. [4] For example, clinical manifestations of acute limb ischemia (which can be summarized as the "six P's") include pain, pallor, pulseless, paresthesia, paralysis, and poikilothermia. [8]
Critical limb ischemia occurs when the obstruction of blood flow in the artery is compromised to the point where the blood is unable to maintain oxygenation of the tissue at rest. [19] This can lead to pain at rest, a feeling of coldness, or numbness in the affected foot and toes. Other complications of severe PAD include lower limb tissue loss ...
Ischemic stroke is a thrombotic, or rarely, thromboembolic or atherosclerotic complication of arteries supplying the brain. [9] Occlusion of brain arteries leads to rapid ischemic death of neurons, both at the infarct core and ischemic penumbra. [10] [37] Similar to cardiomyocytes, neurons require constant perfusion for proper function.
The ischemic (ischaemic) cascade is a series of biochemical reactions that are initiated in the brain and other aerobic tissues after seconds to minutes of ischemia (inadequate blood supply). [1] This is typically secondary to stroke , injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack .
Acute compartment syndrome can lead to a loss of the affected limb due to tissue death. [6] [9] Symptoms of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) include severe pain, decreased blood flow, decreased movement, numbness, and a pale limb. [5] It is most often due to physical trauma, like a bone fracture (up to 75% of cases) or a crush injury.
Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) is a medical condition in which acute psychological stress can trigger a transient myocardial ischemia, which is a state of reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often without the presence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD).