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The fall of the Mughal empire and kingdom of Awadh after the Rebellion of 1857 and the contact with English language started a new movement in Urdu literature. The flag bearers of this new movement were Syed Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Husain Azad, and Altaf Hussain Hali. [23] This period saw the rise of prose, criticism, and drama in Urdu literature.
The Mughal war of succession (1707–1709) [1] [2] [3] or the Mughal Civil War [citation needed] was a period of political disorder and armed conflict over succession in the Mughal Empire following the death of the sixth Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in March 1707.
The Shahr Ashob (Persian: شهر آشوب; Shahr-i Ashob (lit. 'The city's misfortune' [1]), sometimes spelled Shahar-i Ashūb or Shahrashub, is a genre that becomes prominent in Urdu poetry in South Asia with its roots in classical Persian and Urdu poetic lamentations.
Before his time, the language known as Hindi, Hindavi, Dehlavi, Dakhini, Lahori or Rekhta was commonly known as the Zaban-i-Ordu, [4] and commonly in local literature and speech, Lashkari Zaban or Lashkari. [5] Mashafi was the first person to simply shorten the latter name to Urdu. [6] He migrated to Lucknow during the reign of Asaf-ud-Daula.
Historians have offered numerous accounts of the several factors involved in the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720, after a century of growth and prosperity. A succession of short-lived incompetent and weak rulers, and civil wars over the succession, created political instability at the centre.
Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan (Urdu: سراج الدین علی خاں آرزو) (1687-1756), also known by his pen-name Arzu, was a Delhi-based poet, linguist and lexicographer of the Mughal Empire. [1] He used to write mainly in Persian, but he also wrote 127 couplets in Urdu. He was the maternal-uncle of Mir Taqi Mir.
Literature written in Hindi-Urdu was not common prior to the 1700s. [14] In North India, rich literary cultures existed in Awadhi and Brajbhasha, with earliest Awadhi texts dating to the 14th century. [15] In Delhi, poets wrote in Persian, while Rekhta/Hindvi (what is now recognizable as Hindi-Urdu) did not have the same literary recognition. [16]
The Mughal dynasty (Persian: دودمان مغل, romanized: Dudmân-e Mughal) or the House of Babur (Persian: خاندانِ آلِ بابُر, romanized: Khāndān-e-Āl-e-Bābur), was a branch of the Timurid dynasty founded by Babur that ruled the Mughal Empire from its inception in 1526 till the early eighteenth century, and then as ceremonial suzerains over much of the empire until 1857.