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The cranial nerve VI also has interneurons connecting to the medial rectus, which controls horizontal eye movement towards from the midline of the body. [4] Since the lateral rectus controls movement away from the center of the body, a lesion in the abducens nucleus disrupts the pathways controlling outward movements, not allowing the right eye ...
Horizontal gaze palsies can be caused by a lesion affecting any structure in these pathways. Lesions to abducens nucleus or PPRF typically create an ipsilateral gaze palsy, while lesions to MLF typically cause Internuclear ophthalmoplegia , a type of horizontal gaze palsy in which the affected eye cannot adduct in conjugation with the ...
Fast nystagmus is the second constituent eye movement in OKR. It consists of a rapid, resetting saccade in the opposite direction of the slow nystagmus (i.e., opposite to the stimulus motion). The purpose of the fast nystagmus is to keep the eye centered in the orbit, while the purpose of the slow nystagmus is to stabilize the moving visual ...
The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex that acts to stabilize gaze during head movement, with eye movement due to activation of the vestibular system, it is also known as the cervico-ocular reflex. The reflex acts to stabilize images on the retinas of the eye during head movement. Gaze ...
Destructive lesions of the PPRF cause ipsilateral horizontal conjugate gaze palsy and mostly impair ipsilateral horizontal saccades, however, other horizontal and vertical eye movements may also be affected as the PPRF contains multiple distinct populations of neurons important in saccade generation, as well as being traversed by nerve fibers ...
The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle to rotate the eye along its axis in the orbit medially, which is called intorsion, and is a component of focusing the eyes on an object close to the face. The oculomotor nerve controls all the other extraocular muscles, as well as a muscle of the upper eyelid.
The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes. The vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field. For example, when the head moves to the ...
The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PMPRF) is involved in coordinating horizontal conjugate eye movements and saccades. To do so, besides projecting to the ibsilateral abducens nucleus, the PMPRF projects fibers through the MLF to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (specifically, those of its motor neurons that innervate the medial rectus muscle).