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Using this method, the test can be performed by individuals without specialized training, and the results may be available in as little as five minutes. [8] [11] Manual versions of the test rely on the agglutination of horse erythrocytes by heterophile antibodies in patient serum. Heterophile means it reacts with proteins across species lines. [12]
Heterophile antibody interference does not usually change linearly with serial dilution, but a true result typically will. This is one strategy for heterophile antibody detection. However, there are cases where heterophilic antibodies will give a linear response to dilutions, as well as immunoassays that do not change linearly upon dilution ...
Antibody to EBNA slowly appears 2 to 4 months after the onset of symptoms and persists for the rest of a person’s life. [10] When negative, these tests are more accurate than the heterophile antibody test in ruling out infectious mononucleosis. When positive, they feature similar specificity to the heterophile antibody test.
Other heterophile antigens are responsible for some diagnostic serological tests such as: Weil-Felix reaction for typhus fever; Paul Bunnell test for infectious mononucleosis; Cold agglutinin test in primary atypical pneumonia; Chemically, heterophile antigens are composed of lipoprotein-polysaccharide complexes.
For example, hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, or heterophile antibodies may confound results obtained by traditional methods such as ion-selective electrodes, enzymatic assays or immunoassays. Alternate methods such as blood gas analysers, point-of-care testing or mass spectrometry may help resolve the clinical question.
An example of helpful cross-reactivity is in heterophile antibody tests, which detect Epstein-Barr virus using antibodies with specificity for other antigens. Cross-reactivity is also a commonly evaluated parameter for the validation of immune and protein binding based assays such as ELISA and RIA .
The heterophile antibody test is a screening test that gives results. Serological tests take longer time, but are more accurate. Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used. Under research [23] Orthomyxoviridae species Influenza (flu)
The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) is a blood test for syphilis and related non-venereal treponematoses that was developed by the eponymous US laboratory. The VDRL test is used to screen for syphilis (it has high sensitivity ), whereas other, more specific tests are used to diagnose the disease.