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In addition to the common amino acid L-tyrosine, which is the para isomer (para-tyr, p-tyr or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine), there are two additional regioisomers, namely meta-tyrosine (also known as 3-hydroxyphenylalanine, L-m-tyrosine, and m-tyr) and ortho-tyrosine (o-tyr or 2-hydroxyphenylalanine), that occur in nature.
Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of norepinephrine used orally in the treatment of certain types of hypotension and other conditions. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Dipivefrine is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of epinephrine used as an ophthalmic medication .
Dityrosine is a dimeric form of tyrosine.Whereas tyrosine itself is a proteinogenic amino acid, dityrosine is non-proteinogenic.Various enzymes, such as CYP56A1 and myeloperoxidase, catalyze the oxidation of tyrosine residues in protein chains to form dityrosine crosslinks in various organisms.
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Tyrosine—tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.1), also known as tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is an enzyme that is encoded by the gene YARS. Tyrosine—tRNA ligase catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr) ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr)
In enzymology, a tyrosine—arginine ligase (EC 6.3.2.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. ATP + L-tyrosine + L-arginine AMP + diphosphate + L-tyrosyl-L-arginine. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-tyrosine, and L-arginine, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-tyrosyl-L-arginine.