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Plasma is called the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas. [16] [17] [18] It is a state of matter in which an ionized substance becomes highly electrically conductive to the point that long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behaviour. [19] [20]
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. [1]: 3 It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well as geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, astrophysics, and biology.
The Sun's corona, some types of flame, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all ordinary matter in the universe is plasma, as it composes all stars. [4] [5] [6]
In plasma physics, a Taylor state is the minimum energy state of a plasma while the plasma is conserving magnetic flux. [1] This was first proposed by John Bryan Taylor in 1974 and he backed up this claim using data from the ZETA machine. [2] Taylor-States are critical to operating both the Dynomak and the reversed field pinch - both run in a ...
This is a derivative of the quantum Hall state of matter. Quantum anomalous Hall state: A state which has a quantized Hall resistance even in the absence of external magnetic field. Topological insulator: a material whose interior behaves as an electrical insulator while its surface behaves as an electrical conductor.
Plasma, often called the fourth state of matter, is an ionized gas containing positive ions and negative ions or electrons, but is approximately charge neutral on the whole. The plasma sources used for plasma medicine are generally low temperature plasmas, and they generate ions, chemically reactive atoms and molecules, and UV-photons.
In this definition, the critical pressure is zero: the true ground state of matter is always quark matter. The nuclei that we see in the matter around us, which are droplets of nuclear matter, are actually metastable , and given enough time (or the right external stimulus) would decay into droplets of strange matter, i.e. strangelets .
Plasma modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma. It is generally coupled with Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields or Poisson's equation for electrostatic fields. There are several main types of plasma models: single particle, kinetic, fluid, hybrid kinetic/fluid, gyrokinetic and as system of ...