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A transponder (short for transmitter-responder [1] and sometimes abbreviated to XPDR, [2] XPNDR, [3] TPDR [4] or TP [5]) is an electronic device that produces a response when it receives a radio-frequency interrogation. Aircraft have transponders to assist in identifying them on air traffic control radar.
Depending on the type of interrogation, the transponder sends back a transponder code (or "squawk code", Mode A) or altitude information (Mode C) to help air traffic controllers to identify the aircraft and to maintain separation between planes. Another mode called Mode S (Mode Select) is designed to help avoiding over-interrogation of the ...
There also are standard transponder codes for defined situations defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (marked below as ICAO). Transponder codes shown in this list in the color RED are for emergency use only such as an aircraft hijacking, radio communication failure or another type of emergency.
The equipment installed in the aircraft is considerably simpler, consisting of the transponder itself, usually mounted in the instrument panel or avionics rack, and a small L band UHF antenna, mounted on the bottom of the fuselage. Many commercial aircraft also have an antenna on the top of the fuselage, and either or both antennas can be ...
This is the type of transponder that is used for TCAS or ACAS II (Airborne Collision Avoidance System) functions, and is required to implement the extended squitter broadcast, one means of participating in ADS-B systems. A TCAS-equipped aircraft must have a Mode S transponder, but not all Mode S transponders include TCAS.
An IFF test set used by a United States Air Force avionics technician technical sergeant for testing transponders on aircraft in 2001. Model XAE IFF kit, the first radio recognition IFF system in the U.S. Identification, friend or foe (IFF) is a combat identification system designed for command and control.
An equipment code describes the communication (COM), navigation (NAV), approach aids and surveillance transponder equipment on board an aircraft.These alphabetic codes are used on FAA and ICAO flight plan forms to aid flight service station (FSS) personnel in their handling of aircraft.
A unique 24-bit identifier is assigned to each aircraft that has a mode S transponder. The next step beyond identifying potential collisions is automatically negotiating a mutual avoidance manoeuver (currently, manoeuvers are restricted to changes in altitude and modification of climb/sink rates) between the two (or more) conflicting aircraft.