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The hallmarks of cancer were originally six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors and have since been increased to eight capabilities and two enabling capabilities. The idea was coined by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg in their paper "The Hallmarks of Cancer" published January 2000 in Cell. [1]
In 2019, annual cancer cases grew by 23.6 million people, and there were 10 million deaths worldwide, representing over the previous decade increases of 26% and 21%, respectively. [6] [19] The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and stomach cancer.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process. [5]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children, accounting for ~30% of cases. [2] However, far more adults than children develop lymphoma and leukemia. Germ cell tumor : Cancers derived from pluripotent cells, most often presenting in the testicle or the ovary ( seminoma and dysgerminoma , respectively).
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in comparison to other forms of cancer, with the leading cause of development due to smoking. [27] The number of smokers in China is rapidly increasing with tobacco killing approximately 3000 people each day. [27] The diagnosis of lung cancer is most common within the 50–59-year age bracket. [26]
For some of these diseases, cancer is not the primary feature and is a rare consequence. Many of the cancer syndrome cases are caused by mutations in tumor suppressor genes that regulate cell growth. Other common mutations alter the function of DNA repair genes, oncogenes and genes involved in the production of blood vessels. [12]