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Development of ethnic identity begins during adolescence [1] but is described as a process of the construction of identity over time [2] due to a combination of experience and actions of the individual [3] and includes gaining knowledge and understanding of in-group(s), as well as a sense of belonging to (an) ethnic group(s). Given the vastly ...
All articles are peer-reviewed by scholars who are specialists in their respective fields. SEN has its own academic Webpage, which aims to showcase short reflections on recent events on issues of ethnicity and nationalism as well as articles published in the journal that have had significant impact or are of relevance to recent events in the world.
The changes made to educational and social institutions by the U.S. Civil Rights movement of the 1960s and 1970s can be traced as the origin for the development of African American Studies as a discipline. [14] In general, the changes made to the higher education system to incorporate African American Studies has been led by student activism. [15]
The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. [1] At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most recent United States census recognized five racial categories (White, Black, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander), as well as people who belong to two or more of the racial categories.
William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Biracial and multiracial identity development is described as a process across the life span that is based on internal and external forces such as individual family structure, cultural knowledge, physical appearance, geographic location, peer culture, opportunities for exploration, socio-historical context, etc. [1]
Certain racial/ethnic identities are more likely to be misclassified in the United States, including Native American, Multiracial, and Latinx. As American demographics become increasingly diverse and the 2020 Census observed historically high rates of multiracial identification, [ 3 ] reported rates of mismatch between other-ascribed and self ...
The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of systemic racism, like residential segregation and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups.