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They have a total genome length that is 10,000–14,600 nucleotides (nt). [7] The influenza A genome, for instance, has eight pieces of segmented negative-sense RNA (13.5 kilobases total). [8] The best-characterised of the influenzavirus proteins are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two large glycoproteins found on the outside of the viral ...
By mid-2008, over 3000 isolates had been completely sequenced from influenza viruses that are endemic in human ("human flu") avian ("bird flu") and swine ("swine flu") populations, including many strains of H3N2 (human), H1N1 (human), and H5N1 (avian).
Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago. [40] Outbreaks of influenza-like disease can be found throughout recorded history.
The ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago. Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the subtypes of influenza A virus are estimated to have diverged 2,000 years ...
Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. [ 12 ] Three segments encode three subunits of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex: PB1, a transcriptase, PB2, which recognizes 5' caps , and PA (P3 for influenza C virus and influenza D virus), an endonuclease . [ 30 ]
The Influenza Research Database (IRD) [1] [2] [3] is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for influenza virus research.
Further analysis of HA has shown it to have a very small effective population size relative to the census size of the virus population, as expected for a gene undergoing strong positive selection. [44] However, across the influenza genome, there is surprisingly little variation in effective population size; all genes are nearly equally low. [45]
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It is enzootic (maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also panzootic (affecting animals of many species over a wide area). [1]