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Landscape archaeology or landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past. Landscape generally refers to both natural environments and environments constructed by human beings. [31]
Living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening, the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape. Natural abiotic elements, such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of water. Abstract elements, such as the weather and lighting conditions.
Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining nature and culture. In contemporary practice, landscape design bridges the space between landscape architecture and garden design .
Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act. [9] His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows: [7] "The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the ...
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes. [2]
Matters are complicated by the fact that the words nature and natural have more than one meaning. On the one hand there is the main dictionary meaning for nature: "The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations."
Landscape photography (often shortened to landscape photos) shows the spaces within the world, sometimes vast and unending, but other times microscopic. Landscape photographs typically capture the presence of nature but can also focus on human-made features or disturbances of landscapes.
Sidewalks are a common form of hardscaping. Hardscape is hard landscape materials in the built environment structures that are incorporated into a landscape. [1] This can include paved areas, driveways, retaining walls, sleeper walls, stairs, walkways, and any other landscaping made up of hard wearing materials such as wood, stone, and concrete, as opposed to softscape, the horticultural ...