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Few Han Chinese complied with the edicts, and Kangxi eventually abandoned the effort in 1668. By the 19th century, it was estimated that 40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet. Among upper class Han Chinese women, the figure was almost 100%. [5] Bound feet became a mark of beauty and were also a prerequisite for finding a husband.
Foot binding was practiced among Chinese women from the Song dynasty up until the early 20th century. Women would wrap their feet tightly in order to keep them small, which was characterized as a feminine beauty at the time. [6] In Liu's installation pieces, she repeatedly shows an emotionless woman with her naked feet.
Since then, Manchu women wore the high, stilt-like platform shoes. [2] When the Manchu conquered China in the Qing dynasty, they forbade Manchu women from binding their feet like the Han Chinese women. [4] It is sometimes suggested that the Manchu platforms shoes were used to imitate the gait of the Han Chinese women with bound feet. [2]
The process of altering one's foot often was urged on young girls and took years to fully finish. The damage to women's feet was irreversible and affected mobility. [7] There was a fair amount of backlash to this tradition by missionaries and Chinese reformists. However, women continued to wear lotus shoes until around the 1950s. [3]
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In poor families, women's feet might not be bound or, even if they were, the woman would work in the family's fields. [115] Though the Qing attempted to end the practice (Manchu women were forbidden from binding their feet), doing so among the Han Chinese proved impossible. [116]
Archeologists in China have found potential evidence of “yue,” an ancient Chinese punishment that involved cutting off a person’s foot. Published in Acta Anthropologica Sinica, the work is ...
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