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ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
Any space between columns of text is a gutter.) The top and bottom margins of a page are also called "head" and "foot", respectively. The term "margin" can also be used to describe the edge of internal content, such as the right or left edge of a column of text. [3] Marks made in the margins are called marginalia.
Google Sheets is a spreadsheet application and part of the free, web-based Google Docs Editors suite offered by Google. Google Sheets is available as a web application; a mobile app for: Android, iOS, and as a desktop application on Google's ChromeOS. The app is compatible with Microsoft Excel file formats. [5]
The values of the joint distribution are in the 3×4 rectangle; the values of the marginal distributions are along the right and bottom margins. A marginal probability can always be written as an expected value : p X ( x ) = ∫ y p X ∣ Y ( x ∣ y ) p Y ( y ) d y = E Y [ p X ∣ Y ( x ∣ Y ) ] . {\displaystyle p_{X}(x)=\int _{y}p_{X\mid ...
The Gauss-Legendre methods are implicit, so in general they cannot be applied exactly. Instead one makes an educated guess of , and then uses Newton's method to converge arbitrarily close to the true solution.
For a confidence level, there is a corresponding confidence interval about the mean , that is, the interval [, +] within which values of should fall with probability . ...
Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]
In mathematics, Legendre's formula gives an expression for the exponent of the largest power of a prime p that divides the factorial n!. It is named after Adrien-Marie Legendre . It is also sometimes known as de Polignac's formula , after Alphonse de Polignac .