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Substitution is the second most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, after elimination. [1] [2] [3] Substitution and elimination are most effective early in the design process, when they may be inexpensive and simple to implement, while for an existing process they may require major changes in ...
The system is not based on evidence of effectiveness; rather, it relies on whether the elimination of hazards is possible. Eliminating hazards allows workers to be free from the need to recognize and protect themselves against these dangers. Substitution is given lower priority than elimination because substitutes may also present hazards.
The substitution of dangerous chemicals in the workplace is the process of replacing or eliminating the use chemicals that have significant chemical hazards. The goal of the substitution process is to improve occupational health and safety and minimize harmful environmental impacts . [ 1 ]
Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls has been used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective controls, which typically include elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. Methods earlier in the list are considered generally more effective in reducing the ...
Elimination is the most effective of the five members of the hierarchy of hazard controls in protecting workers, and where possible should be implemented before all other control methods. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Many jurisdictions require that an employer eliminate hazards if it is possible, before considering other types of hazard control.
Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to ...
The hierarchy is traditionally depicted as a vertical listing of hazard control and exposure control options in descending order of priority, beginning at the top with elimination of the hazard as the most effective control, followed by substitution of a less hazardous option, followed by engineering controls to prevent exposures, followed by ...
Reductive elimination generally occurs more rapidly from a more sterically hindered metal center because the steric encumbrance is alleviated upon reductive elimination. Additionally, wide ligand bite angles generally accelerate reductive elimination because the sterics force the eliminating groups closer together, which allows for more orbital ...