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An Armington elasticity is an economic parameter commonly used in models of consumer theory and international trade. It represents the elasticity of substitution between products of different countries, and is based on the assumption made by Paul Armington in 1969 that products traded internationally are differentiated by country of origin.
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
This model of trade is consistent with the gravity model as it would predict that trade depends on country size. The reciprocal dumping model has held up to some empirical testing, suggesting that the specialization and differentiated goods models for the gravity equation might not fully explain the gravity equation.
In time series analysis used in statistics and econometrics, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models are generalizations of the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model to non-stationary series and periodic variation, respectively.
In 2004, Claudia Klüppelberg, Alexander Lindner and Ross Maller proposed a continuous-time generalization of the discrete-time GARCH(1,1) process.The idea is to start with the GARCH(1,1) model equations
The generalized Maxwell model also known as the Maxwell–Wiechert model (after James Clerk Maxwell and E Wiechert [1] [2]) is the most general form of the linear model for viscoelasticity. In this model, several Maxwell elements are assembled in parallel.
Within any modern model is a set of equations, known as the primitive equations, used to predict the future state of the atmosphere. [11] These equations—along with the ideal gas law —are used to evolve the density , pressure , and potential temperature scalar fields and the velocity vector field of the atmosphere through time.
The SAFT equation of state was developed using statistical mechanical methods (in particular the perturbation theory of Wertheim [12]) to describe the interactions between molecules in a system. [ 1 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The idea of a SAFT equation of state was first proposed by Walter G. Chapman and by Chapman et al. in 1988 and 1989.