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The prefrontal cortex has been defined based on cytoarchitectonics by the presence of a cortical granular layer IV.It is not entirely clear who first used this criterion. Many of the early cytoarchitectonic researchers restricted the use of the term prefrontal to a much smaller region of cortex including the gyrus rectus and the gyrus rostralis (Campbell, 1905; G. E. Smith, 1907; Brodmann ...
BA10 was originally defined broadly in terms of its cytoarchitectonic traits as they were observed in the brains of cadavers, but because modern functional imaging cannot precisely identify these boundaries, the terms anterior prefrontal cortex, rostral prefrontal cortex and frontopolar prefrontal cortex are used to refer to the area in the ...
Cortex Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus, M1) Premotor cortex; Supplementary motor cortex; Prefrontal cortex. Orbitofrontal cortex; Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; Ventromedial prefrontal cortex; Gyri. Superior frontal gyrus; Middle frontal gyrus; Inferior frontal gyrus
Brodmann mapped the human brain based on the varied cellular structure across the cortex and identified 52 distinct regions, which he numbered 1 to 52. These regions, or Brodmann areas, correspond with diverse functions including sensation, motor control, and cognition. [1]
The prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in mediating executive functions. [ 121 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Planning involves activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex , angular prefrontal cortex, right prefrontal cortex, and supramarginal gyrus . [ 124 ]
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC [1] [2] or DMPFC [3] [4] is a section of the prefrontal cortex in some species' brain anatomy. It includes portions of Brodmann areas BA8 , BA9 , BA10 , BA24 and BA32 , [ 5 ] although some authors identify it specifically with BA8 and BA9 .
The prefrontal cortex, being a central hub for executive functions, relies on the input from the mesocortical pathway to modulate and fine-tune cognitive processes essential for goal-directed behavior and decision-making. [20] Dysregulation of the neurons in this pathway has been connected to ADHD. [16]
Simplified diagram of frontal cortex to striatum to thalamus pathways. There are five defined frontostriatal circuits: motor and oculomotor circuits originating in the frontal eye fields are involved in motor functions; while dorsolateral prefrontal, orbital frontal, and anterior cingulate circuits are involved in executive functions, social behavior and motivational states. [2]