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As of 2023, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a significant public health threat in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2023 Report on Antibiotic Resistance Threats, over 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur in the U.S. each year, leading to at least 35,000 deaths annually. [208]
In viruses, an equivalent "cost" is genomic complexity. The high metabolic cost means that, in the absence of antibiotics, a resistant pathogen will have decreased evolutionary fitness as compared to susceptible pathogens. [36] This is one of the reasons drug resistance adaptations are rarely seen in environments where antibiotics are absent.
Cross-resistance can take place between compounds that are chemically similar, like antibiotics within similar and different classes. [9] That said, structural similarity is a weak predictor of antibiotic resistance, and does not predict antibiotic resistance at all when aminoglycosides are disregarded in the comparison. [10]
Figures from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) showed there was an average of 148 severe antibiotic-resistant infections per day in 2021, up by 2.2% on the previous pandemic year (53,985, up ...
Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. [ 97 ] Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were, for a while, well controlled.
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are able to transfer copies of DNA that code for a mechanism of resistance to other bacteria even distantly related to them, which then are also able to pass on the resistance genes, resulting in generations of antibiotics resistant bacteria. [11] This initial transfer of DNA is called horizontal gene transfer. [12]
The resistome was first used to describe the resistance capabilities of bacteria preventing the effectiveness of antibiotics . [4] [5] Although antibiotics and their accompanying antibiotic resistant genes come from natural habitats, before next-generation sequencing, most studies of antibiotic resistance had been confined to the laboratory. [6]
"Some of these bacterium are extraordinarily resistant to antibiotics," Russo says. "When they cause these infections, they can be notoriously difficult to treat." ... Contamination in cleaning ...