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2.1 Direct reversal. 2.2 Single-strand damage. ... The third type of DNA damage reversed by cells is certain methylation of the bases cytosine and adenine.
Direct reversal (MGMT and AlkB) 6-O-methylguanine is reversed to guanine by MGMT, some other methylated bases are demethylated by AlkB: accurate [40] Translesion synthesis: DNA damage tolerance process that allows the DNA replication machinery to replicate past DNA lesions: may be inaccurate [41]
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a particularly important excision mechanism that removes DNA damage induced by ultraviolet light (UV). UV DNA damage results in bulky DNA adducts — these adducts are mostly thymine dimers and 6,4-photoproducts. Recognition of the damage leads to removal of a short single-stranded DNA segment that contains ...
Epigenetic alterations (epimutations) in base excision repair genes have only recently begun to be evaluated in a few cancers, compared to the numerous previous studies of epimutations in genes acting in other DNA repair pathways (such as MLH1 in mismatch repair and MGMT in direct reversal).
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.
Even when the sunscreen molecules have penetrated into the skin, they protect against direct DNA damage, because the UV light is absorbed by the sunscreen and not by the DNA. [21] Sunscreen primarily works by absorbing the UV light from the sun through the use of organic compounds, such as oxybenzone or avobenzone.
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An arsenal of DNA repair mechanisms exists to repair various forms of damaged DNA and minimize genomic instability. Most DNA repair mechanisms require an intact DNA strand as template to fix the damaged strand. DNA damage prevents the normal enzymatic synthesis of DNA by the replication fork.