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The most elaborate case-control epidemiologic radon study performed by R. William Field and colleagues identified a 50% increased lung cancer risk with prolonged radon exposure at the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. [77] Iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the United States and a very stable population which added to the ...
The highest levels of radon in rainwater occur during thunderstorms, and it is hypothesized that radon is concentrated in thunderstorms because it forms some positive ions during thunderstorms. [12] Estimates of the age of raindrops have been obtained from measuring the isotopic abundance of radon's short-lived decay progeny in rainwater.
Radon occurs naturally when uranium in soil or rock breaks down to form radium, which then turns into radon gas. ... do not smoke and causes 21,000 deaths a year in the United States,” said Mora ...
A review of radon level measurements across non-uranium mines found the highest concentrations of radon in non-metal mines, such as phosphorus and salt mines. [139] However, older or abandoned uranium mines without ventilation may still have extremely high radon levels. [140]
The highest level of purely natural radiation ever recorded on the Earth's surface was 90 μGy/h on a Brazilian black beach (areia preta in Portuguese) composed of monazite. [25] This rate would convert to 0.8 Gy/a for year-round continuous exposure, but in fact the levels vary seasonally and are much lower in the nearest residences.
High radon levels in a Minnesota (USA) basement with a passive under slab vent pipe system can be seen in the left half of the graph. After installation of a radon fan (ASD), a permanent reduction in radon levels to approximately 0.6 pCi/L can be seen in the right half of the graph. The most common approach is active soil depressurization (ASD).
Developing evidence-based public health guidance for Member States to formulate policy and advocacy strategy including the establishment of radon action levels; Development of approaches for radon risk communication. To achieve these aims, WHO has formed a network of key partner agencies from some 40 Member States. This network is the basis for ...
Several states have atypically high utility costs, which may be a result of these states having a disproportionately large amount of remote area, or it could be due to population density or other ...