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Translation of assembly language into machine language. A much more human-friendly rendition of machine language, named assembly language, uses mnemonic codes to refer to machine code instructions, rather than using the instructions' numeric values directly, and uses symbolic names to refer to storage locations and sometimes registers. [3]
Individual machine languages are specific to a family of processors; machine-language code for one family of processors cannot run directly on processors in another family unless the processors in question have additional hardware to support it (for example, DEC VAX processors included a PDP-11 compatibility mode).
The first generation of programming language is machine language. [45] Machine language requires the programmer to enter instructions using instruction numbers called machine code. For example, the ADD operation on the PDP-11 has instruction number 24576. [46] The second generation of programming language is assembly language. [45]
The first programmable computers, which appeared at the end of the 1940s, [4] were programmed in machine language. Machine language is difficult to debug and not portable across different computers. [5] Initially, hardware resources were more expensive than human resources. [6] As programs became complex, programmer productivity became the ...
Elements of these formal languages include: Alphabet, any finite set of symbols; String, a finite sequence of symbols; Language, any set of strings on an alphabet. The sentences in a language may be defined by a set of rules called a grammar. [6] Backus–Naur form (BNF) describes the syntax of "sentences" of a language.
In computer science, a compiler-compiler or compiler generator is a programming tool that creates a parser, interpreter, or compiler from some form of formal description of a programming language and machine. The most common type of compiler-compiler is called a parser generator. [1] It handles only syntactic analysis.
A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that is used to develop another computer program, usually by helping the developer manage computer files. For example, a programmer may use a tool called a source code editor to edit source code files, and then a compiler to convert the source code into machine code files.
In computer programming, assembly language (alternatively assembler language [1] or symbolic machine code), [2] [3] [4] often referred to simply as assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. [5]