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Articles relating to misinformation, false or inaccurate information. [1] Examples of misinformation include false rumors, insults and pranks. This differs from intentional disinformation which includes malicious content such as hoaxes, spear phishing and computational propaganda. [2
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact". [23]
Misinformation might be created and spread with malicious intent for reasons such as causing anxiety or deceiving audiences. [136] Rumors created with or without malicious intent may be unknowingly shared by users. [citation needed] People may know what the scientific community has proved as a fact, and still refuse to accept it as such. [140]
Fake news has become increasingly prevalent over the last few years, with over 100 misleading articles and rumors spread regarding the 2016 United States presidential election alone. [18] These fake news articles tend to come from satirical news websites or individual websites with an incentive to propagate false information, either as ...
Police say the name was fake, as were rumors that the 17-year-old suspect was an asylum-seeker who had recently arrived in Britain. Online misinformation fueled tensions over the stabbing attack ...
Although the website claims to be written by "a group of educated, God-fearing Christian conservative patriots who are tired of Obama's tyrannical reign and ready to see a strong Republican take the White House," its articles are in fact all written by one person, Christopher Blair, who has written under multiple pen names.
By 1990, both men had written books recounting their work on disinformation operations for the KGB. [17] Archival documentation revealed in the disorder of the fall of the Soviet Union later confirmed their testimonials. [16] An early example of successful Soviet disinformation was the 1961 pamphlet, A Study of a Master Spy (Allen Dulles).
Unethical journalistic practices existed in printed media for hundreds of years before the advent of the Internet. [36] [37] [38] Yellow journalism, reporting from a standard which is devoid of integrity and professional ethics, was pervasive during the time period in history known as the Gilded Age, and unethical journalists would engage in fraud by fabricating stories, interviews, and made ...