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Heterophile also can mean that it is an antibody that reacts with antigens other than the antigen that stimulated it (an antibody that crossreacts). [ citation needed ] A 20% suspension of horse red cells is used in an isotonic 3–8% sodium citrate formulation.
Heterophile antibodies can cause significant interference in any immunoassay. [3] The presence of a heterophile antibody is characterized by broad reactivity with antibodies of other animal species (which are often the source of the assay antibodies). Such antibodies are commonly referred to as human anti-animal antibodies (HAAA).
Heterophile antigens are antigens of similar nature, if not identical, that are present in different tissues in different biological species, classes, or kingdoms. [1] Usually different species have different antigen sets, but the hetereophile antigen is shared by different species.
In immunology, cross-reactivity has a more narrow meaning of the reaction between an antibody and an antigen that differs from the immunogen. It is sometimes also referred to as cross-immunity or cross-protective immunity, [2] although cross-reactivity does not necessarily confer cross-protection. In some cases, the cross-reactivity can be ...
The Forssman antigen is a glycolipid heterophile antigen found in certain animals like dogs, horses, cats, turtles and sheep, and enteric organisms such as pneumococci.In sheep, it is found on erythrocytes but not on tissue and organs, unlike hamsters and guinea pigs whose organ cells do carry the antigen.
For example, hemolysis, icterus, lipemia, or heterophile antibodies may confound results obtained by traditional methods such as ion-selective electrodes, enzymatic assays or immunoassays. Alternate methods such as blood gas analysers, point-of-care testing or mass spectrometry may help resolve the clinical question.
HAMA interferences can give false positive or negative immunoassay results. HAMA bridging interference produces artificially higher results because HAMA's bind to immobilized mouse antibodies in place of substrate, secondary labeled antibodies will then bind to HAMA and produce a positive signal falsely indicative of substrate presence.
False positive pregnancy test can happen due to 'phantom hCG' which is due to people having human antianimal or heterophilic antibodies. [21] False positives can also be caused by (in order of incidence) quiescent pregnancy, pituitary sulfated hCG, heterophilic antibody, familial hCG syndrome and cancer. [22]