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Three-phase traffic theory is a theory of traffic flow developed by Boris Kerner between 1996 and 2002. [1] [2] [3] It focuses mainly on the explanation of the physics of traffic breakdown and resulting congested traffic on highways.
Three-phase traffic theory is an alternative theory of traffic flow created by Boris Kerner at the end of 1990's [24] [25] [26] (for reviews, see the books [27] [28] [29]). Probably the most important result of the three-phase theory is that at any time instance there is a range of highway capacities of free flow at a bottleneck.
According to the definition [S] this pattern of congested traffic belongs to the "synchronized flow" traffic phase (Fig. 2 (a) and (b)). Fig.2. Empirical spatiotemporal common features of traffic congestion and the associated traffic phase definitions in Kerner's theory: (a) Measured data of average vehicle speed in time and space.
However, traffic engineers also consider traffic safety by investigating locations with high crash rates and developing countermeasures to reduce crashes. Traffic flow management can be short-term (preparing construction traffic control plans, including detour plans for pedestrian and vehicular traffic) or long-term (estimating the impacts of ...
Braess's paradox is the observation that adding one or more roads to a road network can slow down overall traffic flow through it. The paradox was first discovered by Arthur Pigou in 1920, [1] and later named after the German mathematician Dietrich Braess in 1968.
The first mathematical model of traffic flow in the framework of Kerner's three-phase traffic theory that mathematical simulations can show and explain traffic breakdown by an F → S phase transition in the metastable free flow at the bottleneck was the Kerner-Klenov stochastic microscopic traffic flow model introduced in 2002. [46]
Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s, resulting in many of the roads becoming obsolete. [2]
Traffic modeling draws heavily on theoretical foundations like network theory and certain theories from physics like the kinematic wave model. The interesting quantity being modeled and measured is the traffic flow , i.e. the throughput of mobile units (e.g. vehicles ) per time and transportation medium capacity (e.g. road or lane width).