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An example of Richardson extrapolation method in two dimensions. In numerical analysis , Richardson extrapolation is a sequence acceleration method used to improve the rate of convergence of a sequence of estimates of some value A ∗ = lim h → 0 A ( h ) {\displaystyle A^{\ast }=\lim _{h\to 0}A(h)} .
A sound choice of which extrapolation method to apply relies on a priori knowledge of the process that created the existing data points. Some experts have proposed the use of causal forces in the evaluation of extrapolation methods. [2] Crucial questions are, for example, if the data can be assumed to be continuous, smooth, possibly periodic, etc.
The step size is =. The same illustration for = The midpoint method converges faster than the Euler method, as .. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).
Data points (,) often have equally spaced positions, which may be normalized by an affine transformation to =. For example, consider the data points (,), (,), (,). The interpolation polynomial in the Lagrange form is the linear combination
Consider the above example of estimating f(2.5). Since 2.5 is midway between 2 and 3, it is reasonable to take f(2.5) midway between f(2) = 0.9093 and f(3) = 0.1411, which yields 0.5252. Generally, linear interpolation takes two data points, say (x a,y a) and (x b,y b), and the interpolant is given by:
Linear interpolation on a data set (red points) consists of pieces of linear interpolants (blue lines). Linear interpolation on a set of data points (x 0, y 0), (x 1, y 1), ..., (x n, y n) is defined as piecewise linear, resulting from the concatenation of linear segment interpolants between each pair of data points.