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The Ticket to Freedom: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration. University Press of Florida, 2007. Browne-Marshall, Gloria J. The Voting Rights War: The NAACP and the Ongoing Struggle for Justice. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016. Bynum, Thomas L. NAACP: Youth and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1936–1965. Knoxville ...
He worked with President Harry S. Truman on desegregating the armed forces after World War II and gave him a draft for the Executive Order to implement this. [3] Under White's leadership, the NAACP set up its Legal Defense Fund, which conducted numerous legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement, and achieved many successes. [4]
[2] The National Negro Committee held its first meeting in New York on May 31 and June 1, 1909. [2] By May 1910, the National Negro Committee and attendants, at its second conference, organized a permanent body known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Ovington was appointed as its executive secretary.
Jewish individuals played a role in the formation and early leadership of the NAACP. Joel Elias Spingarn — a prominent Jewish scholar, educator, and civil rights advocate — served as the organization's chairman from 1913 to 1919, [32] where he shaped the organization's strategies and contributed to its future growth, according to the NAACP.
It recounted that Jewish scholars fleeing from or surviving the Holocaust of World War II came to teach at many Southern schools, where they reached out to black students: [55] Thus, in the 1930s and 1940s when Jewish refugee professors arrived at Southern Black Colleges , there was a history of overt empathy between Blacks and Jews, and the ...
He was Jewish. He migrated to the United States in 1883. He attended the New York City public schools and then graduated from the City College of New York in 1899. In 1906, he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Erlangen in Germany. In 1914, he married Belle Lindner Israels (1877–1933).
The ACLU developed from the National Civil Liberties Bureau (CLB), co-founded in 1917 during World War I by Crystal Eastman, an attorney activist, and Roger Nash Baldwin. [93] The focus of the CLB was on freedom of speech , primarily anti-war speech, and on supporting conscientious objectors who did not want to serve in World War I. [ 94 ] In ...
Roy Ottoway Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was an American civil rights leader from the 1930s to the 1970s. [1] [2] Wilkins' most notable role was his leadership of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), in which he held the title of Executive Secretary from 1955 to 1963 and Executive Director from 1964 to 1977. [2]