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River gravel is a name given to gravel composed of small pieces of rounded stone of various colors, usually no larger than a large coin. [1] It is named for the effect of many years of rounding of the edges of the stones due to a flow of water over it, as often takes place in a river . [ 2 ]
If the arrival of the water at the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, it is sometimes analyzed using hydrology transport models, mathematical models that consider infiltration, runoff, and channel flow to predict river flow rates and stream water quality.
K D = around 3 for natural quarry rock; K D = around 10 for artificial interlocking concrete blocks; S r = (ρ r / ρ w is the relative density of rock, i.e. (ρ r / ρ w - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water; ρ r and ρ w are the densities of rock and (sea)water (-) θ is the angle of revetment with the horizontal
Drainage density relates to the storage and runoff terms. Drainage density relates to the efficiency by which water is carried over the landscape. Water is carried through channels much faster than over hillslopes, as saturated overland flow is slower due to being thinned out and obstructed by vegetation or pores in the ground. [7]
A Poor: <50% ground cover or heavily grazed with no mulch; Fair: 50-75% ground cover and not heavily grazed; Good: >75% ground cover and light or only occasionally grazed. B Poor: <50% ground cover; Fair: 50-75% ground cover; Good: >75% ground cover. C Actual curve number is less than 30; use CN = 30 for runoff computation.
Stream gradient may change along the stream course. An average gradient can be defined, known as the relief ratio, which gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of river. [4] The calculation is the difference in elevation between the river's source and the river terminus (confluence or mouth) divided by the total length of the river ...
The Van der Meer formula is a formula for calculating the required stone weight for armourstone under the influence of (wind) waves.This is necessary for the design of breakwaters and shoreline protection.
For a river undergoing approximately steady, uniform equilibrium flow, of approximately constant depth h and slope angle θ over the reach of interest, and whose width is much greater than its depth, the bed shear stress is given by some momentum considerations stating that the gravity force component in the flow direction equals exactly the ...