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The North Polar Basin, more commonly known as the Borealis Basin, is a large basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars that covers 40% of the planet. [1] [2] Some scientists have postulated that the basin formed during the impact of a single, large body roughly 2% of the mass of Mars, having a diameter of about 1,900 km (1,200 miles) early in the history of Mars, around 4.5 billion years ago.
Isidis Planitia is a plain located within a giant impact basin on Mars, located partly in the Syrtis Major quadrangle and partly in the Amenthes quadrangle.At approximately 1,900 km (1,200 mi) in diameter, [1] it is the third-largest confirmed impact structure on the planet, after the Hellas and Utopia basins.
The Utopia basin is estimated to have formed around 4.3-4.1 billion years ago. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The impactor was likely around 400–700 kilometres (250–430 mi) in diameter. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The basin was subsequently mostly filled in, resulting in a mascon (a strong positive gravity anomaly ) detectable by orbiting satellites.
The basin is approximately 1,700 km (1,100 mi) wide [1] and drops 5.2 km (17,000 ft) below the surrounding plains; it is the second-deepest impact basin on Mars after Hellas. The crater Galle , located on the east rim of Argyre at 51°S 31°W / 51°S 31°W / -51; -31 , strongly resembles a smiley
The Paraná Valles are a set of channels in a valley in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of Mars, located at approximately 23.1° South and 10.2° West.They are 350 kilometres (220 mi) long and were named after an ancient and modern name for a South American river (Brazil, Argentina). [1]
The basin is located in the southern highlands of Mars and is thought to have been formed about 3.9 billion years ago, during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Studies suggest that when an impact created the Hellas Basin, the entire surface of Mars was heated hundreds of degrees, 70 meters of molted rock fell on the planet, and an atmosphere of ...
Name Coordinates Length (km) Namesake Notes Abus Vallis: 58.0: Classical name for Humber River: Al-Qahira Vallis: 555.0: Word for "Mars" in Arabic: Allegheny Vallis: 200.0: Allegheny River
[6] [7] As a result, Vastitas Borealis lies within the North Polar Basin, while Utopia Planitia, another very large basin, is adjacent to it. Some scientists have speculated the plains were covered by a hypothetical ocean at some point in Mars' history and putative shorelines have been suggested for its southern edges. Today these mildly ...