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Pivotal response treatment is a naturalistic intervention model derived from the principles of applied behavior analysis.Rather than target individual behaviors one at a time, PRT targets pivotal areas of a child's development such as motivation, [3] responsiveness to multiple cues, [4] self-management, and social initiations. [5]
Children on the autistic spectrum typically have trouble picking up the emotional states of others so emotions are exaggerated by the adult. These are often accompanied by verbal labeling; e.g., "See how happy I am!" Other strategies in the developmental social-pragmatic model include:
The model was founded in Piaget's theory of cognitive development [2] and came to be described by Rogers and Dawson as the Denver Model. [ 3 ] In 2010, the two researchers published Early Start Denver Model for Young Children with Autism: Promoting Language, Learning, and Engagement , [ 4 ] in which the ESDM is manualized and described in detail.
Robert Selman developed his developmental theory of role-taking ability based on four sources. [4] The first is the work of M. H. Feffer (1959, 1971), [5] [6] and Feffer and Gourevitch (1960), [7] which related role-taking ability to Piaget's theory of social decentering, and developed a projective test to assess children's ability to decenter as they mature. [4]
Or it can come from vicarious reinforcement, based on the observation that models are rewarded. High-status models can affect performance through motivation. For example, girls aged 11 to 14 performed better on a motor performance task when they thought it was demonstrated by a high-status cheerleader than by a low-status model. [9]
Mind-blindness is defined as a state where the ToM has not been developed in an individual. [1] According to the theory, non-autistic people can make automatic interpretations of events taking into consideration the mental states of people, their desires, and beliefs.
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Typical children develop dynamic intelligence through guided participation, that is being guided and given challenges by their caregivers. Due to their social difficulties, this relationship breaks down in autistic children and so families must be supported to re-build it, in a slow and more deliberate manner.