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The laws describing the behaviour of gases under fixed pressure, volume, amount of gas, and absolute temperature conditions are called gas laws.The basic gas laws were discovered by the end of the 18th century when scientists found out that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained which would hold to approximation for all gases.
where is the Boltzmann constant (also written as simply ) and equal to 1.380649 × 10 −23 J/K, and is the natural logarithm function (or log base e, as in the image above). In short, the Boltzmann formula shows the relationship between entropy and the number of ways the atoms or molecules of a certain kind of thermodynamic system can be arranged.
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
The van der Waals equation is a mathematical formula that describes the behavior of real gases. It is named after Dutch physicist Johannes Diderik van der Waals.It is an equation of state that relates the pressure, temperature, and molar volume in a fluid.
For a gas that is a mixture of two or more pure gases (air or natural gas, for example), the gas composition must be known before compressibility can be calculated. Alternatively, the compressibility factor for specific gases can be read from generalized compressibility charts [ 1 ] that plot Z {\displaystyle Z} as a function of pressure at ...
For an ideal gas the equation of state can be written as =, where R is the ideal gas constant.The differential change of the chemical potential between two states of slightly different pressures but equal temperature (i.e., dT = 0) is given by = = = , where ln p is the natural logarithm of p.
The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is: Avogadro's law states that "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules." [1] For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are ...
where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant for a particular temperature and amount of gas.. Boyle's law states that when the temperature of a given mass of confined gas is constant, the product of its pressure and volume is also constant.